Tiny bubbles

Before the + and - terminals of the battery are connected to a device there is a certain potential for electrons to flow based on the Qc value of the reaction in the battery. As the reaction proceeds and Qc changes, the potential changes. We observe this as the battery getting "weaker" (the voltage begins to drop, the "pumping" action decreases, etc.). When Qc = Kc, there is no net tendency for electrons to flow and the battery is "dead".

The other type of redox reaction we are interested in is the opposite of the battery type. For these reactions electrical work must be supplied in order for a chemical change to occur. In contrast to the battery, these reactions are non-spontaneous. The classic example is the electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen and oxygen. This requires electrical work and stops when the work is no longer supplied. The plating of some metals on top of others is another example, as is the recharging of some kinds of batteries. The commerical production of aluminum metal relies on a similar process.